Immunological and microRNA Features of Allergic Rhinitis in the Context of United Airway Disease

Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) may contribute to lower airways’ inflammation. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and related cytokines are also involved immunological mechanism AR along classical Th2 cells. It is hypothesized that upon pressure, inflammatory response lungs lead Th17-induced neutrophilic However, findings for interleukin-17 (IL-17) bidirectional. Furthermore, role Th17 their counterpart—T regulatory cells—remains unclear patients. was shown a regulator inflammation might be individual circulating specific non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs), which were distinctively expressed bronchial asthma (BA) although several miRNAs have been diseases, function clinical value far from being clarified. Still, they can serve as noninvasive biomarkers diagnosing, characterizing, providing therapeutic targets anti-inflammatory treatment confirmed contributors pathogenesis—Th17 cytokines. The narrow pathogenetic relationship between nose bronchi, e.g., tracts, confirms concept unified airway diseases. Thus, there no doubt BA should diagnosed, managed, treated an integrated manner.